Unemployment and Violence: ARDL Endogeneity Approach

AutorAdenuga Fabian Adekoya - Nor Azam Abdul Razak
CargoDepartment of Economics, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Michael Otedola College of Primary Education, Noforija-Epe, Lagos, Nigeria - Department of Economics, School of Economics, Finance and Banking, Universiti Utara Malaysia
Páginas155-175
Ensayos Revista de Economía, 37(2), 155-176, octubre 2018
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29105/ensayos37.2-2
ISSN Electrónico: 2448-8402 | ISSN Impreso: 1870-221X | ©2018 Los autores
Citar así: Adekoya, A.F. y N.A. Abdul-Razak (2018) Unemployment and Violence: ARDL Endogeneity Approach. Ensayos Revista de
Economía, 37(2),155-176 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29105/ensayos37.2-2
UANL
UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE ECONOMÍA CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES ECONÓMICAS
Unemployment and Violence: ARDL
Endogeneity Approach
Desempleo y violencia: Enfoque de endogene idad ARDL
Adenuga Fabian Adekoya*
Nor Azam Abdul Razak**
Article information
Abstract
Received:
3 February 2018
Accepted:
3 September 2018
This study examines the link between unemployment
and violence by controlling for income and security
expenditure as an antidote to reduce violence in
Nigeria. Violence claims many lives and properties in
the country, which further increased the demand for
public security as tax on the nation’s resources. Also,
the increased unemployment in Nigeria, deserving
urgent attention to be reduced, as literature has pointed
out, causes idleness, deception, frustration and anger.
The idea of criminal motivation and strain as an
inducement to violence are supported by evidence.
Considering the nature of the variables in this study, we
tested for endogeneity by using annual data set from
1980 to 2015 before proceeding to test for the lo ng-run
and short-run relationship. The Bound Test used to test
the cointegration while the Autoregressive Distributed
Lag Model (ARDL) approach was used to conduct
endogeneity test. ARDL Instrumental Variable is also
employed to determine long-run and short-run
estimates. The results showed that unemployment
causes violence while income as a variable to economic
growth reduces violence at the 1% level of significance.
Similarly, the deterrence variable of security
JEL Classification:
E24; O47; K42; C22
Keywords:
Unemployment;
Income; Security
Expenditure; Violence;
Endogeneity ARDL
Instrumental Variable
* Department of Economics, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Michael Otedola College
of Primary Education, Noforija-Epe, Lagos, Nigeria. adenugaadekoya@gmail.com
** Department of Economics, School of Economics, Finance and Banking, Universiti Utara
Malaysia, Sintok 06010, Malaysia.
ensayos.uanl.mx
®
Facultad de
Economía
Adekoya y Abdul-Razak / Ensayos Revista de Economía, 37(2), 155-176
156
Información del
artículo
Recibido:
3 febrero 2017
Aceptado:
3 septiembre 2017
Clasificación JEL:
E24; O47; K42; C22
Palabras Clave:
Desempleo; Ingreso;
Gasto de Seguridad;
Violencia; Variable
Instrumental ARDL
Endogeneidad

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